![]() With this goal in mind, this review examines the fundamental concepts underlying the development and progression of AMD and re-evaluates the pathogenic pathways associated with the disease, focusing on the impact of injury at the cellular level, with the understanding that critical assessment of the literature may help pave the way to identifying disease-relevant targets. Future comprehensive clinical care depends on identifying new therapeutic targets and adopting a multi-therapeutic approach. ![]() ![]() Therapies available to patients are limited and are only effective in a sub-population of patients. 2Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United StatesĪge-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a neurodegenerative disease of the aging retina, in which patients experience severe vision loss.1Duke Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States. ![]() Villemagne VL, Pike KE, Darby D et al (2008) Aβ deposits in older non-demented individuals with cognitive decline are indicative of preclinical Alzheimer’s disease.Majda Hadziahmetovic 1* Goldis Malek 1,2* Savva GM, Wharton SB, Ince PG, Forster G, Matthews FE, Brayne C (2009) Age, neuropathology, and dementia. Parkes LM, Rashid W, Chard DT, Tofts PS (2004) Normal cerebral perfusion measurements using arterial spin labelling: reproducibility, stability, and age and gender effects. Kapeller P, Schmidt R, Fazekas F (2004) Qualitative MRI: evidence of usual ageing in the brain. Inzitari D, Simoni M, Pracucci G et al (2007) Risk of rapid global functional decline in elderly patients with severe cerebral age-related white matter changes: the LADIS study. Inglese M, Ge Y (2004) Quantitative MRI: hidden age-related changes in brain tissue. Good CD, Johnsrude IS, Ashburner J, Henson RN, Friston KJ, Frackowiak RS (2001) A voxel-based morphometric study of ageing in 465 normal adult human brains. Neurobiol Aging 30:1737–1748įox NC, Crum WR, Scahill RI, Stevens JM, Janssen JC, Rossor MN (2001) Imaging of onset and progression of Alzheimer’s disease with voxel-compression mapping of serial magnetic resonance images. AJR Am J Roentgenol 149:351–356įleisher AS, Podraza KM, Bangen KJ et al (2009) Cerebral perfusion and oxygenation differences in Alzheimer’s disease risk. Top Magn Reson Imaging 17:31–40įazekas F, Chawluk JB, Alavi A, Hurtig HI, Zimmerman RA (1987) MR signal abnormalities at 1.5 T in Alzheimer’s dementia and normal ageing. N Engl J Med 343:450–456īrass SD, Chen NK, Mulkern RV, Bakshi R (2006) Magnetic resonance imaging of iron deposition in neurological disorders. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27:2141–2145īookheimer SY, Strojwas MH, Cohen MS et al (2000) Patterns of brain activation in people at risk for Alzheimer’s disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58:461–465īastos-Leite AJ, van Waesberghe JH, Oen AL, van der Flier WM, Scheltens P, Barkhof F (2006) Hippocampal sulcus width and cavities: comparison between patients with Alzheimer disease and nondemented elderly subjects. Radiology 181:537–543īartzokis G, Beckson M, Lu PH, Nuechterlein KH, Edwards N, Mintz J (2001) Age-related changes in frontal and temporal lobe volumes in men: a magnetic resonance imaging study. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.Īgartz I, Saaf J, Wahlund LO, Wetterberg L (1991) T1 and T2 relaxation time estimates in the normal human brain. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Such relationships are often only discernible on a group level, and inferences at the level of the individual subject are difficult to provide with any certainty. vascular) and although cognitive function may appear preserved, subtle abnormalities may be detected on detailed neuropsychological testing. Many of these ‘normal’ ageing phenomena have been linked to risk factors (e.g. Typical ageing may encompass a variety of changes in the brain, including overall shrinkage, but also local alterations, such as white matter changes. Normal ageing may be subdivided into successful ageing (without any discernible deterioration) and the more commonly observed typical (usual) ageing. One of the most severe consequences of pathological brain ageing is dementia. The distinction may however be difficult with overlap in nearly all aspects seen on imaging. Brain ageing can be classified into normal and pathological.
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